Quite clearly, web browsing from within these ISPs now depends on the correct functioning of the “Layer 7 switch” and Phorm’s “Anonymiser” machine. This should not be too much of a concern. Network engineers are used to designing out “single points of failure“. Thus, for example, the BT schematics obtained by The Register show parallel systems and cross-coupling of components, so that a single failure will not take out the system. Add in the fact that what are apparently single machines will almost certainly be clusters fronted by intelligent load-balancing devices, and the system is expensive, but extremely resilient.

However, there’s another rather less obvious issue that needs to be addressed.

The bouncing of all web requests back and forth with HTTP 307 redirections means that the system is critically dependent upon the correct resolving of the webwise.net domain. If, for whatever reason, the domain name system (DNS) didn’t return the correct answer when asked for the IP address of webwise.net, then everyone at that ISP would find that their browsing was seriously affected.

If the incorrect address came back as 127.0.0.1 then the customers wouldn’t be able to reach any websites at all — if it came back as the IP address of a machine in downtown St Petersburg, then that site could redirect their web sessions at will — and there’s likely some criminals in that city with some innovative ideas of what could happen next.

So the webwise.net domain has suddenly been promoted to become part of the Critical National Infrastructure (CNI).

The domain is currently hosted at GoDaddy, an american registrar. Last summer the rock-phish gang spent a week running phishing attacks not just against banks, as they usually do, but also against GoDaddy. The immediate reaction was that the criminals wanted to use captured credentials to purchase domain names for free — but wiser heads pointed out that with the login details for a GoDaddy account you were in full control of any domain names that had already been bought : the security of the websites of thousands of major companies (and a great many banks) was resting on the security of eight-character registrar login passwords.

However, firms that have considered the risk don’t buy $10 domain names, but spend rather more, and their registrar will insist on rigorous security checks before altering any details. We must obviously assume that webwise.net is not at risk from registrar phishing in this simplistic way.

The more likely way of subverting what webwise.net resolves to is called “DNS cache poisoning”. There are several ways of doing this (this Wikipedia article provides a helpful summary), most of which shouldn’t work if the ISP has configured their DNS server correctly.

However fundamental weaknesses in the DNS protocol (relying on 16bit values matching to show authenticity) means that DNS forgery attacks can only be made harder, not prevented altogether. Making it harder may currently be sufficient to make phishing attackers use simpler methods — but if the prize is the disruption of web browsing for millions of people…?

There are things that the ISPs can do to improve security — such as each of them making themselves authoritative for webwise.net, which should address the DNS forgery issue. Let’s hope that they haven’t overlooked this.

[[with acknowledgments to Matt Johnson and others involved in understanding this particular design risk]]