To solve a complex problem in the blackboard-style, the intelligent agents cooperate as functional specialists, observing updates to the blackboard and self-actualizing in an event driven process) when there is new information to process.  Agents continually update the blackboard with partial solutions when the agents capabilities for processing match the state of the blackboard. 

The blackboard architecture is a distributed computing model for a metaphor describing how people work together to collaboratively solve a problem around a blackboard (whiteboard in todays lingo).   For example, one person is standing at the whiteboard working on a solution while three other people are sitting (or standing) around watching.   One of the observers sees new information on the whiteboard, thinks of how he (or she) can contribute, and then jumps up, takes the whiteboard marker from the person working, and adds to the solution.  This process is repeated in various scenarios.  

The blackboard architecture can be very effective in solving complex distributed computing problems, including event processing problems; however, scheduling the self-actuating agents can be a key challenge.   Another core challenge is how to model and manage the blackboard itself, especially in distributed blackboard architectures.  

John McManus, former CTO of NASA, wrote an excellent PhD dissertation in 1992,  Design and Analysis Techniques for Concurrent Blackboard Systems, at the College of William and Mary, addressing challenges in BB systems.

The table below lists two books that focus on blackboard architecture:

One of the thought leaders in blackboard architecture is Daniel D. Corkill a professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. 

Blackboard architecture is relevant to the field of event processing, and in particular complex event processing.   I will go into more details in future blog posts on this topic, including how blackboard architectures relate to grid computing, distributed object caching (of the blackboard), and CEP.

The Sopranokovs 

The Russian mob comes to town with a new scam—medical identity theft. 

When FBI special agent Ted Price peered through the window of a dingy brick storefront on Southwest Morrison Street in March, it was what he didn’t see that caught his attention. 

The business, called UnimedCorner, claimed to provide ailing seniors with orthotics—braces and other devices to correct foot, joint and back problems. 

Price and other federal investigators were skeptical. 

On Unimed’s showroom floor, Price saw wheelchairs, motorized scooters, a variety of canes and, on the walls, a selection of amateurish paintings and framed photographs. There was no evidence, however, of the kinds of equipment for which Unimed had billed Medicare nearly $2 million in the previous couple of months. 

“I observed wheelchairs and canes through the window but did not see any orthotics in the store,” Price later wrote in a search-warrant affidavit. “It is a sign of fraud that the store is not stocking the items [for which] it is billing.” 

By the time Price arrived on the scene, the company’s owner, a shadowy Russian immigrant named Alexandr Shcherbakov, was long gone. 

Today, Shcherbakov’s store sits undisturbed. The message light on the phone blinks, dead potted plants droop and a stuffed toy monkey slumps in a glass display case. 

And behind the cash register hangs a framed poster of television’s best-known mobsters, the Sopranos. 

From interviews and information presented in federal affidavits, it is clear Shcherbakov moved to Oregon to commit a crime elegant and lucrative enough to make Tony Soprano envious: medical identity theft. 

... 

“Medical identity theft is the new frontier for organized crime,” says Alex Johnson, a former FBI agent who investigates fraud for Regence BlueShield. “Pretty much anybody can set up a mom-and-pop operation and start cranking out claims.” Someday, most Americans will need a cane, wheelchair, home hospital bed or another of the items healthcare professionals call “durable medical equipment,” or DME. 

For those over 64 and without private insurance, there’s a good chance federally funded Medicare will pick up the tab for that equipment. Last year, according to federal statistics, Medicare spent $8.6 billion on DME. 

Here’s the way the system is supposed to work: A doctor prescribes a device such as a wheelchair for a patient, who presents his prescription to a DME supplier. The supplier provides the equipment and bills Medicare, which typically pays 80 percent of the cost. Unlike pharmacists, who fill prescriptions under strict scrutiny of state and federal watchdogs, DME suppliers are lightly regulated. “DME is very vulnerable to fraud,” says Consuelo Woodhead, the chief healthcare fraud prosecutor for the U.S. Attorney’s Office in Los Angeles. “It doesn’t require any background in medicine, any kind of professional licensure or appreciable capital. 

There are barriers of entry in other medical fields, but not in DME.” To operate, DME suppliers simply need a place of business, a business license and liability insurance. Unlike pharmacists, DME suppliers operate under an honor system: The feds count on them to supply the equipment they claim to provide to the beneficiaries who need it. 

That honor system is not working. 

The epicenter of DME fraud, according to the federal Department of Health and Human Services, is South Florida, where Medicare billing for DME quadrupled from 2002 to 2006 to $1.7 billion. Investigators found much of that increase was due to fraud. In 2006, federal inspectors revoked the licenses of 634 DME suppliers in South Florida, nearly half the DME dealers in the region. 

Later the same year, raids in Southern California yielded similar results: The feds shut down 95 DME suppliers. Many of the DME suppliers shut down around Los Angeles were run by immigrants from the former Soviet Union. It’s probably no coincidence that when the feds raided Los Angeles DME suppliers, some Angelenos fled to cities where there was less scrutiny—such as Portland.

The golden age of comics in the 30's and 40's saw the creation of the superhero.  The good versus evil storylines mimicked the real life events of the day. It elevated the comic book to an art form.  Comic style illustration and story telling in short dialog balloons had never before or since reached those heights. Than after WW II, with the advent of TV and one evil empire ending, comic books seemed to recede back into the background of young boys play things.  Their numbers never again reached the levels seen during the war and many of the characters faded away.

Over the years the comic industry tried to regain their former glory, but the age of the superhero was over.  Yeah there was the TV cartoons, who didn't watch Superman or Batman when you were little.  Some of you like me, may have even watched the Marvel Superhero Show that had short segments of many of the Marvel characters (check them out in the You Tube video), but they were campy and never appealed to an audience beyond young boys.  The Superman movies with Christopher Reeves market a turning point on the return of the superhero and the Batman movies were very successful.  But beyond those two, there were many flops.

With better technology and better story lines, Spiderman, Iron Man and now the latest, The Incredible Hulk have brought comic book superheroes from the page to the screen in a big way. I know that I was not a big fan of the Iron Man movie, but seeing Tony Stark come in at the end of the Hulk movie did get even me excited by the possibilities. Also seeing the Hulk and Iron Man, I began to see that these movies are not aimed at adolescent boys with stories that I am used to from comic books and TV shows.  These are movies aimed at adults with adult storylines.  The technology is great, the heroes are played by big stars (I hear Brad Pitt is playing Thor) rather than unknowns and the productions are first class.

Besides the movies already out, Thor, Captain America, and Namor, the submariner are all headed for the big screen. Once each of these and more have their movie debuts, the subsequent combinations and sequels are almost infinite.  This could be the biggest movie franchise of all time and make the original comic book owners more money then they ever dreamed of!  In the meantime, I am excited to see many of my boyhood heroes get this new big screen treatment! 

Actually one of the most entertaining panel discussions at the Hosting Transformation Summit in London this week was titled Eco-Efficient Datacenters: Where’s the Money? Panel members included Jeff Lowenberg (The Planet), Michael Winterson (Equinix), Lex Coors (InterXion BV) and Tony Day (APC). The panel was moderated by Andy Lawrence at the 451 Group.

Judging by the debate, the European hosting companies have a fight on their hands keeping the politicians out of the datacenter. With green issues being even higher on the political agenda than in North America, and the vast energy requirements of modern data centers becoming more widely known, there are some legislators and “Eurocrats” sniffing an opportunity to add to the hoster’s power headaches. Never mind the fact that escalating power hosts are incentive enough for these companies to be as efficient as possible.

The panel discussion ranged widely between big picture green issues, and the technical challenges of retrofitting older data centers to be less power hungry. There are many incremental improvements to be had, but Tony Day pointed out that the biggest and most immediate savings are to be had simply by running our data centers hotter.

The American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers say data centers can operate at 77F. Most modern rack-mounted computers can run happily a long way higher than that, and yet most data centers are cooled to the high sixties (many of our customers now use EM7 to trend the environmental fluctuations across their data centers using environmental probes as well as readings from the servers themselves).

For the hosting companies this is a matter of educating their customers, so that raising the data center temperatures is seen as a welcome green move rather than a lowering of quality of service.

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Late Friday night, I was one of the millions of weekend viewers that help make Iron Man the second-best premiere ever.  I am surprised by those results, but only because Iron Man isn't so well-known as other Comic Book heroes like Superman or Batman.

Yes, I liked it and was pretty sure I would even before I wnt.  However, Robert Downey Jr. really did an excellent job as Tony Stark and the movie was faithful to the Origin Story, though it was updated to modern times.  I love to see the casting of good actors to make these characters into movies.

I had heard that there was an extra clip after the credits (which were super long, btw), so I stayed around until they were over and then snapped the picture to the left of the final scene and thought I'd share it with you.

And the cameo dialog seems to mean there will be a follow-up movie of some sort from Marvel, though maybe not Iron Man 2:"... I'm here to talk to you about the Avengers Initiative."

Took the kids to see Iron Man tonight with our cousins Jeri and Danny.  I generally like Robert Downey, Jr and he acted very hard in this movie. However, I just didn't get the story. I remember watching Iron Man cartoons when I was little and reading the comic books, there was some special thing about Iron Man's blood the way I remember it that gave him super hero powers.

In the movie incarnation, Tony Starks is the son of a weapons designer and a brilliant weapons designer himself.  However, he has some serious character flaws. He is kidnapped by some sort of mid-eastern terrorists and take some shrapnel in his chest.  A doctor attaches an electromagnet to a car battery on his chest to keep the shrapnel from going into his heart. Downey then designs some sort of mini-power source to power the electromagnet,  He uses the power source to power a metal suit he builds (long story) and escapes from the terrorists.  From there the movie is fairly predictable and frankly in my opinion not very good.  I didn't understand how he got the superpower, it was just a powered suit and how it worked was pretty silly. 

The ultimate thumbs up or down for me was that both of my sons fell asleep in the movie theater.  The good news is that this is the start of the summer movie season. I am really looking forward to Indiana Jones and the kids want to see Speed Racer!